Which of the following fosters critical thinking in students?

Problem-based learning and analysis actively engage students in real-world challenges, encouraging them to apply knowledge critically rather than just recalling facts. This method promotes inquiry, where students investigate complex issues, draw connections between concepts, and evaluate various solutions. By tackling problems that reflect genuine scenarios, students learn to think independently and collaboratively, enhancing their analytical skills.

In contrast, emphasizing memorization of facts limits students' ability to think critically, as it focuses on rote learning rather than understanding concepts in depth. Minimizing student input in discussions stifles creativity and prevents diverse perspectives from being considered, which are essential for critical thinking. Lastly, unrelated assessments do not gauge or encourage the application of critical thinking skills, as they lack relevance to the students’ learning experiences. Thus, problem-based learning and analysis stand out as effective methods for cultivating critical thinking.